初学Oracle，有几个命令行的菜鸟问题

oracle 10g没有像9i那样自带独立的管理程序，10g的管理程序是web页面的，在你安装的过程中会显示访问链接的，貌似你没有记住。现在你可以去下载一个PLSQL Developer软件来连接你的oracle数据库，它可以满足你的管理要求，而且比sql*plus好用。

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至于你上面报的错误，你可以先检查你的“服务”里的OracleOraDb10g_homeTNSListener

OracleServiceORCL

这两个服务是否已经在已启动状态，另外检查你的oracle安装目录下的tns配置是否正确。

最后告诉你两个命令

cmd -- sqlplus --在弹出的命令窗口输入 username/password@SID

开始安装oracle数据库口令是什么

1·在oracle官网上下载oracle数据库，以Oracle Database 11g Release 2版本的oracle数据库为例，其他版本的安装也大同小异。注意，下载前得Accept License Agreement.

2·下载并解压文件，找到setup.exe，双击进行安装。与一般软件安装一样，一路next，接收许可协议中的条款，注意可以自定义安装路径。安装过程中需要设置管理员用户sys/system的口令密码（记住这个密码），通过管理员用户可以创建普通用户，输入密码后继续安装，这里要注意oracle数据库的监听器程序端口是1521。

3·安装成功后，每当windows启动的时候，oracle服务器跟监听器就会自动启动，不常用数据库时，可以将oracle服务设置为手动启动模式。设置方法为右击计算机进入管理系统，进入服务和应用程序中的服务界面，找到oracle数据库的四个服务器，其中有两个正在运行，先停止这两个服务器，然后在属性中的启动类型中设置成手动模式。

4·通过SQL命令链接数据库：在开始菜单中的所有应用中找到oracle database,进入运行SQL命令行，在SQL命令行中输入conn system，会提示你输入口令，输入在安装过程中设置的口令即可链接成功。

4·通过windows自带的命令行链接数据库：找到运行（win+R）,输入cmd进入cmd命令输入界面，输入sqlplus，然后输入管理员用户名（system）和口令密码即可链接成功。

5·通过windows自带的命令行链接数据库：找到运行（win+R）,输入cmd进入cmd命令输入界面，输入sqlplus “/as sysdba”即可链接成功。

干货-Oracle里的常用命令

本文转自：51Testing软件测试网。（）

  第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches

sql alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints

sql alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups

sql alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members

sql alter database add logfile member

sql '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile

sql alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

sql to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups

sql alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members

sql alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files

sql alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');

c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.new);

d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',

sql dbms_logmnr.addfile);

e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename='c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');

f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

sql v$logmnr_logs);

g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

　 　第二章：表空间管理

1.create tablespaces

sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,

sql 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace

sql create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace

sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'

sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting

sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online

sql alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace

sql drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files

sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m

sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually

sql alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database

sql alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'

sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';

　 　第三章：表

1.create a table

sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

sql tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

sql [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table

sql create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table

sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter

sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

sql minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents

sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace

sql alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space

sql alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table

sql truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table

sql drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column

sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused

sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes

sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index

sql create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

sql maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*

100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes

sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index

sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index

sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space

sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

　 　第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

sql alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table

sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert

sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert

sql alter session enable parallel dml;

sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader

sql sqlldr scott/tiger \

sql control = ulcase6.ctl \

sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

1.using expoty

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace

sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

$copy datafile

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set

sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list ='sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=true);

在表transport_set_violations 中查看

sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章：managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password

sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function

sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),

old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting

sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

sql password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile

sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile

sql drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit

sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost

dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits

sql alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication

sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire

sql [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace

sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.drop a user

sql drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user

view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege

sql grant create session,create table to managers;

sql grant create session to scott with admin option;

with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:

sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,

alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

alter database archivelog,restricted session

sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege

sql revoke create table from karen;

sql revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege

sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege

sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view := sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail

sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing

sql audit user;

13.privilege auditing

sql audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing

sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,

dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,

dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles

sql create role sales_clerk;

sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

sql create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role

sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

sql alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles

sql grant sales_clerk to scott;

sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role

sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role all;

sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;

sql alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles

sql set role hr_clerk;

sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql set role all except sales_clerk;

sql set role none;

6.remove role from user

sql revoke sales_clerk from scott;

sql revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role

sql drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information

view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,

role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

shutdown immediate

cp files /backup/

startup

5.restore to a different location

connect system/manager as sysdba

startup mount

alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';

alter database open;

6.recover syntax

--recover a mounted database

recover database;

recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';

alter database recover database;

--recover an opened database

recover tablespace user_data;

recover datafile 2;

alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically

set autorecovery on

recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:

--method 1(mounted databae)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf

startup mount

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;

alter database open;

--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)

copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)

recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or

recover tablespace user_data;

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

startup mount

alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;

alter database open

copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf

alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'

recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''

recover tablespace user_data;

alter tablespace user_data online

5.perform an open database backup

alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

copy files /backup/

alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;

alter system switch logfile;

6.backup a control file

alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';

alter database backup controlfile to trace;

7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)

shutdown abort

cp files

startup

8.recovery of file in backup mode

alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery

alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;

alter database drop logfile group 1;

alter database open;

or cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log

alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';

oracle快捷键都有哪些啊？

你问的是不是PL/SQL啊？

plsql工具技巧

1、PL/SQL Developer记住登陆密码 在使用PL/SQL Developer时，为了工作方便希望PL/SQL Developer记住登录Oracle的用户名和密码； 设置方法：PL/SQL Developer 7.1.2 -tools-Preferences-Oracle-Logon History ， “Store history”是默认勾选的，勾上“Store with password” 即可，重新登录在输入一次密码则记住了。

2、执行单条SQL语句 在使用PL/SQL Developer的SQL Window时，按F8键，PL/SQL Developer默认是执行该窗口的所有SQL语句，需要设置为鼠标所在的那条SQL语句，即执行当前SQL语句； 设置方法：PL/SQL Developer 7.1.2 --tools-Preferences--Window types ，勾上“AutoSelect Statement” 即可。

3、格式化SQL语句 在使用PL/SQL Developer的SQL Window时，有时候输入的SQL语句太长或太乱，希望能用比较通用的写法格式话一下，这样看起来会好看些，也好分析； 使用方法：选中需要格式化的SQL语句，然后点击工具栏的PL/SQL beautifier按钮即可.

4、查看执行计划 在使用PL/SQL Developer的SQL Window时，有时候输入的SQL语句执行的效率，分析下表结构，如何可以提高查询的效率，可以通过查看Oracle提供的执行计划； 使用方法：选中需要分析的SQL语句，然后点击工具栏的Explain plan按钮（即执行计划），或者直接按F5即可。

5、调试存储过程 在使用PL/SQL Developer操作Oracle时，有时候调用某些存储过程，或者调试存储过程； 调用存储过程的方法：首先，在PL/SQL Developer左边的Browser中选择Procedures，查找需要调用的存储过程；然后，选中调试的存储过程，点击右键，选择Test，在弹出来的Test scrīpt窗口中，对于定义为in类型的参数，需要给该参数的Value输入值；最后点击上面的条数按钮：Start debugger 或者按F9；最后点击：RUN 或者Ctrl+R。

6、auto select auto execute Tools-Preferences-SQL Window，将 AutoExecute queries 和 AutoSelect statement 这两项选中即可。只要启用了这个功能之后，按F8（对应“执行”的快捷键），就可以执行光标所在SQL语句了，而不再需要先用鼠标选取需要执行的语句了。

7、关键字自动大写 Tools-Preferences-Editor，将Keyword case选择Uppercase。一般是让关键字大写，其他比如表名、字段名等都是小写。大家都应该养成一种自己的编码习惯，并保持下去。

8、更改默认执行得快捷键F8为Ctrl＋Enter(类同toad) Tools-Preferences-Key Configuration-Session/Execute，然后按Ctrl+Enter。

9、保存登陆密码 Tools-Preferences-Logon History-选上Store with Password。 10、AutoReplace自动替换功能 Tools-Preferences-Editor-AutoReplace-选上Enabled，并Edit文件，加入以下内容： sf=select * from scf=select count(*) from s=select f=from w=where d=delete u=update --End--[/size]

oracle基本命令

1.用户有哪些表空间概念错了,只能看用户用了哪些user_tablespaces视图就可以

select tablespace_name from dba_tablespaces;

2.变量填自己的

select owner,table_name from dba_tables where tablespace_name='SYSTEM';

select tablespace_name from dba_tables where table_name='EMP';

oracle常用命令大全

学习时整理的 Oracle 1、set linesize 100; 设置长度

2、set pagesize 30; 设置每页显示数目

3、em a.sql 打开记事本

4、@ a 执行文件a中的代码，可指定文件的路径 @d:a.txt

5、conn 用户名/密码 根据用户名和密码连接数据库 如果连接超级管理员(sys) 则应加上as sysdba;

6、show user; 显示当前连接的用户

7、select * from tab; 得到当前用户下的所有表

8、desc temp; 查看表结构

9、/ 继续执行上一个查询语句

clear scr; 清屏字符函数

10、select upper('coolszy') from dual; 将小写字母转换成大写，dual 为一虚表

11、select lower('KUKA') from dual; 将大写字母转换成小写

12、select initcap('kuka') from dual; 将首字母大写

13、select concat('Hello',' world') from dual; 连接字符串，但没有||好用select concat('Hello','world') from dual;

14、select substr('hello',1,3) from dual; 截取字符串

15、select length('hello') from dual; 求字符串长度

16、select replace('hello','l','x') from dual; 替换字符串

17、select substr('hello',-3,3) from dual; 截取后三位数值函数

18、select round(789.536) from dual; 四舍五入，舍去小数

19、select round(789.536,2) from dual; 保留两位小数

20、select round(789.536,-1) from dual; 对整数进行四舍五入

21、select trunc(789.536) from dual; 舍去小数，但不进位

22、select trunc(789.536,2) from dual;

23、select trunc(789.536,-2) from dual;

24、select mod(10,3) from dual; 返回10%3的结果日期函数

25、select sysdate from dual; 返回当前日期

26、select months_between(sysdate,'16-6月 -08') from dual; 返回之间的月数

27、select add_months(sysdate,4) from dual; 在日期上加上月数

28、select next_day(sysdate,'星期一') from dual; 求下一个星期一

29、select last_day(sysdate) from dual; 求本月的最后一天

转换函数

30、select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') year,to_char(sysdate,'mm'),to_char(sysdate,'dd') from dual;

31、select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd') from dual;

32、select to_char(sysdate,'fmyyyy-mm-dd') from dual; 取消月 日 前面的0

33、select to_char('20394','99,999') from dual; 分割钱 9表示格式

34、select to_char('2034','L99,999') from dual; 加上钱币符号

35、select to_number('123')*to_number('2') from dual;

36、select to_date('1988-07-04','yyyy-mm-dd') from dual; 通用函数

37、select nvl(null,0) from dual; 如果为null，则用0代替

38、select decode(1,1,'内容是1',2,'内容是2',3,'内容是3') from dual; 类似于 switch...case...事务处理

39、commit; 提交事务

40、rollback; 回滚事务

41、select rownum from table; 在没一列前面显示行号

42、drop table 表名 cascade constraint

on delete casecade 当父表中的内容被删除后，子表中的内容也被删除43、desc表名 显示表的结构

44、create user [username] identified by [password] 创建新的用户

45、grant 权限1、权限2...to 用户 给创建用户权限

ex:grant create session to [username] 此时只能连接到数据库

grant connect,resource to [username] 此时权限能满足要求

46、alter user [username] identified by [password] 修改用户密码

47、alter user [username] password expired 下次登录时提示修改密码

48、alter user [username] account lock 锁住用户

49、alter user [username] account unlock 解锁锁用户

50、grant select,delete on scott.emp to [username] 把scott下emp表的两个权限给用户

51、revoke select ,delete on scott.emo from [username] 回收权限

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